The 'Four Generals of Zhongxing' painted by Liu Songnian during the. Is the second person from the left. This portrait is believed to be the 'truest portrait of Yue in all extant materials.' The earliest written records of Xing Yi can be traced to the 18th century, and are attributed to Ma Xueli of and Dai Long Bang of.

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Legend credits the creation of Xing Yi to renowned (960-1279 AD) general, but this is disputed. According to the book Henan Orthodox Xingyi Quan written by Pei Xirong (: 裴锡荣) and Li Ying’ang (: 李英昂), Dai Long Bang'.wrote the Preface to Six Harmonies Boxing in the 15th reign year of the 1750. Inside it says, '.when was a child, he received special instructions from.

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Extremely skilled in spearfighting, he used the spear to create fist techniques and established a skill called Yi Quan (意拳). Meticulous and unfathomable, this technique far outstripped ancient ones.'

'于乾隆十五年为“六合拳”作序云：“岳飞当童子时，受业于周侗师，精通枪法，以枪为拳，立法以教将佐，名曰意拳，神妙莫测，盖从古未有之技也。' According to legend, throughout the, and Dynasties few individuals had studied this art, one of them being Ji Gong (also known as and ) of. After Yue Fei's death, the art was 'lost' for half a millennium. Then, during the Ming and Dynasties in 's Zhongnan Mountains, Yue Fei's boxing manual was said to have been discovered by Ji Gong. It is more likely though that Ji Jike had created the art based on prior martial arts experience, or passed on an art that had already existed.

Part of a series on. Master Di Guoyong of Beijing demonstrating a Zuan Quan application as part of a partner practice form (dui lian). Shot in Beijing, September 2014. Additionally to the Five Fists and animal shapes, many lineages employ the training of several additional movement forms - from a handful to a few dozen.

Some of the more common forms are partner forms, which simulate combat scenarios. Once the individual animal shapes are taught, a student is often taught an animal linking form ( shi'er xing lianhuan) which connects all the taught animals together in a sequence. Some styles have longer, or multiple forms for individual animals, such Eight Tiger Forms Huxing bashi. Other forms often link movements from the Five Fists, the different animal shapes, or both, and commonly include additional movements and techniques not found elsewhere. There also exist a Ba Zi Gong linking form and many weapons forms.

Weapons Xing Yi Quan emphasizes a close relationship between the movements of armed/unarmed techniques. This technical overlap aims to produce greater learning efficiency. Traditionally Xing Yi was an armed art. Students would train initially with the spear, progressing to shorter weapons and eventually empty-handed fighting.

This gradually changed throughout the 20th century, as the emphasis in most traditional shifted from the use of weapons to fighting empty-handed. Weapon diversity is great in many lineages, with the idea being that an experienced Xing Yi fighter would be able to pick up almost any weapon available (or an object to use as such) irrespective of its exact length, weight and shape. Common weapons in the art:. This is the most synonymous weapon with the art. Spears are usually 1.8–5 meters in length, though those over 3 meters long are meant solely for increasing training intensity and challenge, and historically people would not commonly fight with spears that large. The Five Fists of Xing Yi have variations which are trained with the spear. Less common weapons:.

(used by infantry against mounted opponents). Long. Short Staff (at maximum length you could hold between the palms of your hands at each end - techniques with this weapon may have been used with a spear that had been broken). Needles (much like a double ended gripped in the centre - on the battlefield this would mostly have been used like its western equivalent to finish a fallen opponent through weak points in the armour). (halberds of various types). This weapon was supposedly created by Ji Longfeng and became the special weapon of the style.

Its alternate name is 'Binding Flower Waist Carry'. The Xing Yi Classics.

Wu Mu Quan Pu (武穆拳谱) A variety of Important texts have survived throughout the years, often called 'Classics', 'Songs' or 'Theories'. These texts use intentionally vague language to describe the principles and methods of practice in LiuHe XinYi Quan, Dai XinYi Quan and Xing Yi Quan.

They are less relevant to more modern interpretations of these arts, such as Yi Quan. In the past, these text were copied by hand, and were kept secret. The following is a list of the most commonly referred-to classical texts:.

Classic of Unification. Classic of Fighting. Classic of Stepping. Classic of Six Harmonies Much of these texts can be read in English. Below is a picture of one book containing the classics, which belongs to Li Bo (李博) from, a teacher who claims to be a descendant of Li Luoneng, the founder of the art. This book is titled Wu Mu Quan Pu (武穆拳谱）. The three stages of training power (Jin 劲) in Xing Yi Generally speaking, it is accepted that in Xing Yi (at least in Hebei-derived lineages), there are three stages to a practitioner's development of power and overall skill.

These three stages develop and change in parallel to all other training methods, and dictate the quality of one's training methods. The following is a description of these three stages (a translation of classic texts by Devlin G. Horrinek):.

Ming Jin 明劲 ('Clear-to-see Jin') - The strength and form must be strong, precise, and clear. Extend outward with force. When putting out force it must pass through, penetrate, pierce, connect, be pliant, ferocious, round, firm, have a shaking-cutting strength, and deliver explosive force.

Practice and drill the hand techniques to develop the external 5-Elements and the elbows to develop the internal 5-Elements. Advancing and retreating with bent legs as if wading through mud (tang ni; refers to the practice and intent of Plow/Mud Stepping) like 'walking while plowing through mud'. This is the stage of Ming Jin.

An Jin 暗劲 ('Hidden Jin') - One must have already grasped and have a strong foundation in the Ming Jin stage. Then you can start on the second stage. Now when using strength you contain it and don't reveal it on the outside. Store up (xu) but don't emit (fa). Deliberately store up your Jin.

The power to 'fa' emit is held back but not released, to the opponent this feels very powerful and strange and then you can emit. This is called 'Treading on thin Ice' And the feeling is like when walking on an iced-over lake and never knowing when, or if, you're going to break through the ice. This is the stage of An Jin. Hua Jin 化劲 ('Transforming Jin') - This is considered the highest stage of practice. You must have already grasped the stages of Ming Jin and An Jin and have a very strong foundation in them. You should have a lot of experience in fighting as you must know that this stage is 'Sheji Cong Ren' (same as in ).

Give up yourself and comply with the opponent. Use 'Zhan, Lian, Nian, and Sui' (sticky, link, adhering, and complying).

Everywhere you need to be empty and not exerting strength. The whole body must be blending and smooth (hun yuan - smooth roundness) and not starting and stopping.

This is the skill of 'The opponent does not know me, I alone know the opponent.' At any time, place, or moment you can emit (fa), but only emitting force at the precise moment.

This is the Hua Jing stage. Famous practitioners of Xing Yi Quan Since the validity of lineages are often controversial, this list is not intended to represent any lineage. Names are presented in alphabetical order using romanization. Famous figures Name Other names Notes 布学宽 布子容 Famous disciple of Che Yizhai.

曹繼武 Reported to have won first place in the Imperial Martial Examinations sometime in the 17th or 18th century. Student of Ji Jike and teacher of the Dai family. From him, the art split into the two lines of Dai XinYi and Liu He Xin Yi Quan. 车永宏 Che Yizhai 车毅斋 First disciple (kaimen) of Li Luoneng.

褚桂亭 Disciple of Li Cunyi. He mastered Xing Yi, Bagua and Taiji. 戴龍邦 First student of the art from the Dai family. Was taught by Cao Jiwu.

傅振嵩 Chief instructor of Bagua Zhang at the Nanjing Central Goushu Institute. Was good friends with Sun Lutang and exchanged martial arts skills with him. 郭雲深 A famous student of Li Luoneng. A legendary tale reports him as having been incarcerated for killing a man with his Beng Quan, and when confined to a prison cell only being able to practice the Tiger shape movements due to his hands being tied by chains.

韩慕侠 Student of. Famous Northern practitioner who traveled south to train in Shanxi as well. Great patriot and national hero who defeated a well-known Russian wrestler and strongman in a duel that has since been fictionalized on television and film. Nicknamed Bei Fang Da Xia 北方大侠 (Great Northern Hero). 洪懿祥 Student of.

Founder of the school in 1960s Taiwan. Teacher of, and.

洪懿祥 Older brother of and Student of. Teacher of Allen Pittman. 姬龍峰 (姬際可) The first person to have historically been shown to practice the style that later diverged into Dai XinYi, XinYi LiueHe Quan and Xing Yi Quan. Taught Cao Jiwu. 李复祯 Famous disciple of Che Yizhai.

李洛能 (李能然) Nicknamed 'Divine Fist Li'; The founder of modern Xing Yi Quan. 李天骥 Li LongFei (李龙飞) Author of 'The Skill of Xingyiquan'. Was the first Chairman of the Chinese Wushu Administration under Communist China. Helped to preserve the art during the Cultural Revolution.

李存义 Li Kui Yuan (李魁元) Famous boxer. Disciple of Liu Qilan and Guo Yunshen (1847-1921). Was the owner of an armed protection services company in which many Xing Yi practitioners worked, including some of his own students. 馬學禮 Founder of the Henan or Muslim branch of XinYi LiuHe Quan.

尚云祥 Founder of the Shang or 'New Style' of the Hebei branch. Was a disciple of Li Cunyi. 宋世榮 Founder of the Song Family Style - a sub-style of the Shanxi Xing Yi branch. 孫祿堂 Sun Fuquan (孫福全) Author of several books on internal arts, also known for developing and Sun-style Bagua Zhang. Disciple of Guo Yunshen and Li Cunyi. 王继武 Born 1891 in Shanxi,Yuci.

Ꝉ 1991 in Beijing. Important master of 20th century.

Disciple of Wang Fuyuan 王福元. He also got Dai family style Xin Yi Liu He Quan true legacy through his gong fu brother Peng Tingjun(彭廷隽), who also studied from Dai Kui(戴奎).

He taught high skilled disciples as Zhang Baoyang (张宝杨), Li Zhongyin(李忠荫), Pan Zhiyuan(潘志远), He Shouqi(何守岐),Wang Lianyi(son 王连义) etc. His only one living disciple now is Zhang Baoyang (张宝杨). 张宝杨 Born 1922 in Hebei - 2016.

Disciple of Wang Jiwu 王继武 and uncle Zhang Xiangzhai 张祥斋. Also studied Qigong and bone-setting/acupuncture with XYQ brother Hu Yaozhen 胡耀贞. Founder and honorary president of the Beijing Xingyi Research Association. Author of the book 'Xing Yi Nei Gong', written with Wang Jinyu. Still has a few highly skilled disciples in Beijing. One of his top disciples Du Fukun teaches small group of disciples in Prague, Czech republic. 張俊峰 Founded a major school in Taiwan in the 1950s.

Later, via the lineage of his student, his branch became one of the most popular lines of Xing Yi in the West. Hong Yimien, one of his most Senior students. 張兆東 Zhang Zhankui (張占魁) Famous boxer. Disciple of Liu Qilan. Founder of the Xingyi-Bagua-Palm system. Taught many people in the Tianjin area who later became masters in their own right. Lineage chart The following chart, created by Shifu Jonathan Bluestein and Shifu Nitzan Oren, demonstrates the historical connections between most known lineages of Xing Yi Quan, and related martial arts.

The chart is a collaborative project between Mr. Bluestein, who created the bulk of it, and several dozen Xing Yi Quan teachers from the West, who contributed information on their lineages and those of others. The chart project is well known in the Xing Yi Quan community, and the information contained in it has never been disputed (further contributions, suggestions and objections may be made by directly contacting Mr.

Bluestein, at: jonathan.bluestein gmail.com). An attempt was made to include as many notable teachers as possible, but due to the obvious constraints of space, not all could have been included. Disciples are marked by a direct, full, downward-flowing line. Regular students are marked with a broken line. Herein is a list of references to sources specifying various lineages of Xing Yi Quan, supporting the content presented on the chart.

Please note that a few minor details on the chart concerning people who had lived and taught prior to the 20th century are still somewhat controversial. This is due to a lack of profound historical documentation. One of the more debated questions in this regard is who had been the teacher of Li Luoneng, the founder of modern Xing Yi Quan. It is known that Li studied with the Dai clan, but remains unclear who taught him. Some people and lineages have traditionally claimed that he was taught by master Dai Longbang. However, many others point to the fact that Longbang had died before Luoneng was born, or when Luoneng was quite young. Combined with the fact that Luoneng only arrived at Dai territory as a traveling adult, others argue that it would have been impossible for him to have studied under Longbang, and suggest his teacher was actually Longbang's student,.

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Another historical controversy relates to who had been the teacher of the founder of Yi Quan, late master (1886-1963). Most Yi Quan oral traditions have it that, a student of the founder of modern Xing Yi (Li Luoneng), had been Wang Xiangzhai's teacher. However, since Wang was not yet alive (or been a young child) by the time of 's death, others suggest he must have learnt from Guo's other disciples ( 李豹 is thought to have been his true main teacher). The chart lists as Wang's teacher, and as an indirect teacher due to the controversy surrounding the matter (until further historical evidence surfaces). Cross influences with other martial arts During the course of the late 19th century and 20th century, there had been a lot of cross-fertilization between notable masters of Xing Yi, and those of and. This has yielded many mutual influences. 's Taiji Quan (originating from ) has been influenced by Xing Yi and Bagua.

Shanxi style Xing Yi in the line of Song Shirong has incorporated Bagua's Circle Walking practice, in either a circle, or tight squares or triangles (the latter practice referred to as 'Si Bu Pan Gen' - Four Step Base Encirclement)., a famous student of Bagua founder Dong Hai Chuan, is said to have taught his Bagua to many Xing Yi masters (including, Geng Jishan and, of whom is written in the paragraphs below). 's has incorporated a lot of material from Xing Yi Quan, and his lineage, known as 'Yi Zong', includes the teaching of both arts. Sun Lutang, one of the most famous practitioner of Xing Yi in the 20th century, had learnt Cheng style and Wu/Hao style after many decades of practicing Xing Yi. He then later went to develop his own unique forms of Bagua and Taiji, which were heavily influenced by his former experience training in Xing Yi. Many martial arts lines, notably that of Chen style from Chen village, have begun to practice the Zhan Zhuang posture known as Hun Yuan Zhuang (or Cheng Bao Zhuang) in recent decades. The origin of that posture in modern times is probably either Xing Yi Quan or Yi Quan, as it is basic in the arts' practices.

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Contrary to some modern hypothesis proposed by practitioners, Xing Yi was not 'created based on Baji Quan and did not 'influence greatly the development of Okinawan Karate'. Rather, Okinawan Karate was most heavily influenced by southern-Chinese arts. This is well substantiated in historical Karate literature, such as in the works of Patrick McCarthy sensei. Cultural aspects of Xing Yi Relationship with Chinese culture Like all traditional Chinese martial arts, Xing Yi too features a strong bond to the military, religious, philosophical and cultural traditions of. Xing Yi's weapons are mostly ones which were used on Chinese battlefields throughout the centuries, with the and being the most prominent members of that group. Many consider the style to have originally been a 'military art' (as opposed to a sport like, or an urban self-defense system like ).

Xing Yi's Five Shapes ('Five Elements') are a borrowed concept from (which is turn had borrowed them from ). The 12 Animal shapes were influenced, in part, by the. The, being the Chinese mythical animal, begets its supposed physical description and attributes from Chinese lore. Like all arts, Xing Yi is heavily influenced.

Its combat meditation methods (Zhan Zhuang) existed in similar forms in Daoism before being integrated into martial arts in later centuries. The whole theory behind 'using softness to overcome hardness' and similar ideas have their origins in the. Daoist concepts are readily implemented into actual training in the practice of Xing Yi. This can be discerned in the following paragraph by: “Before training, there is no thought or intention, no figure or image, no self or others, only Qi exists in the chaos of the body. The state is called WuJi in Xing Yi. Without knowing the principle of “inverse motion,” people always rigidly adhered to the principle of the “direct motion nature.” Hence the internal Qi is restrained and things cannot be properly realized due to an obscure mind that causes the body to be weak. They do not know the principle of health that extreme Yang leads to Yin and extreme Yin leads to death.

However, sages can be versed in the way of inverse motion, and control the relation between Yin and Yang, manage the principal of creation, direct Liang Yi (another name for Yin and Yang), grasp the key points, and go back to the pre-natal from the post-natal realm to settle at the original position as the body becomes an integral unit. Its way is nothing more than the principle of stretching and contracting as in post-natal Wu Xing and Bagua boxing. This is called the generation of Qi from WuJi.” Popular culture appearances in modern times Xing Yi Quan has been featured in various media through the years.

In the series of video games, Gen Fu and Eliot employ the style while in the series, Wang Jinrei uses Xing Yi Quan, while Michelle Chang and her daughter, Julia Chang, use Xing Yi mixed with wrestling and other Chinese martial arts. In the Mortal Kombat series, Shao Kahn employs Xing Yi Quan as well as Tai Tsu Chang Quan. Jet Li performed a Modern Wushu adaptation of Xing Yi in the action movie (seen used by the hero's evil alternate dimensional self in a multiverse). In the manga series, the title character studies Xing Yi as part of his Chinese martial arts training. Xing Yi, as well as XinYi LiuHe Quan, are also featured in another manga series called. See also.

References. Retrieved 2016-04-22. ^ Sun Lu Tang (2000).

Xing Yi Quan Xue. Unique Publications. The name is pronounced 'Sheeng E Chwen?' In English (the word Quan has a tone that sounds like one is asking a question). Shao Xiaoyi.

(in Chinese). Archived from on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-09.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Pei, Xirong and Li, Yang’an. Henan Orthodox Xingyi Quan.

Joseph Candrall. Pinole: Smiling Tiger Press, 1994.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Yang, Jwing-Ming & Liang Shou-Yu (2003). Xingyiquan: Theory, Applications, Fighting Tactics and Spirit. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list.

Kennedy, Brian; Elizabeth Guo (2005). Chinese Martial Arts Training Manuals: A Historical Survey.

Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. ^ Miller, Dan; Tim Cartmell (1999). Xing Yi Nei Gong. Burbank, California: Unique Publications. Jarek Szymanski.

China From Inside. Retrieved 2007-08-09. Toktoghan (脫脫).

Song Shi-Yue Fei Zhuan (宋史.岳飞传 – 'History of the Song: Yue Fei Biography') (Volume 365), 1345. A rewritten version of Yue Ke's memoir. (See also, (in Chinese). Retrieved 2007-07-17. ). Kaplan, Edward Harold. Yueh Fei and the founding of the Southern Sung.

D.) - University of Iowa, 1970. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1970., pg. Yue, Ke (岳柯). Jin Tuo Xu Pian (金佗续编), 1234 - Chapter 28, pg. Kaplan: pg. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Some historians believe Ma Xueli was taught by Ji Longfeng himself.

However, the traditions of the Ma family itself say only that Xueli learned from a wandering master whose name is unknown. Ma Xueli was of the Chinese Muslim Hui minority, and to this day, most of the practitioners of this art are of that minority. The Preface identifies Cao Ji Wu as a student of Ji Longfeng and the master who taught Xing Yi Quan to Dai Long Bang. However, other sources identify Dai's teacher variously as Li Zheng or Niu Xixian. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

Rovere, Dennis (2008). The Xingyi Quan of the Chinese Army: Huang Bo Nien's Xingyi Fist and Weapon Instruction.

Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Super User. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Shang Wu Zhai שאנג וו ג'אי - ביס לאמנויות לחימה. Archived from on October 16, 2008.

Retrieved May 21, 2013. Andrzej Kalisz. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Frantzis, Bruce Kumar (1998).

The Power of Internal Martial Arts. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. Sun Lu Tang (tran, Albert Liu) (2000). Xing Yi Quan Xue: The Study of Form-Mind Boxing. Unique Publications. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Archived from on March 19, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

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Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Liu Xiaoling. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

Yang, Jwing-Ming (1999). Ancient Chinese Weapons: A Martial Artist’s Guide. Boston, MA: YMAA.

CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list. Joseph Crandall. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-18.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Sun Lu Tang (2000). Xing Yi Quan Xue. Unique Publications.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Internal Arts International. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Chen Maxi; Jarek Szymanski. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Masters of the IMA. Retrieved 2016-04-22.

Retrieved 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-22. Sun Lu Tang (tran, Albert Liu) (2000). Xing Yi Quan Xue: The Study of Form-Mind Boxing.

Unique Publications. Archived from on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013. Further reading.

Li Tian-Ji (tran, Andrea Falk) (2000). The Skill of Xingyiquan. Xing Yi Lianhuan Quan, Li Cun Yi (Translated by Joseph Crandall). Damon Smith (2004). Xing Yi Bear Eagle. Jeremy Mills Publishing. Smith, Robert W.

HSING-I Chinese Mind-Body Boxing. Kodansha International Ltd. Robert Smith & Allan Pittman (1990). Hsing-I: Chinese Internal Boxing.

Tuttle Publishing. Smith, Robert W.

Martial Musings (See chapter on Rose Li). Sun Lu Tang (tran, Albert Liu) (2000). Xing Yi Quan Xue: The Study of Form-Mind Boxing. Unique Publications. (Translated).

Jin Yunting (tran. John Groschwitz) (2003). The Xingyi Boxing Manual.

Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. Jonathan Bluestein (2014). Research of Martial Arts. Amazon CreateSpace. External links.